Indigenous political candidates face less voter bias than parties might think: new research

When political parties consider potential Indigenous candidates, they often worry about voter backlash^[1].

It’s a concern rooted in Australia’s troubling history of racism^[2] and the ongoing discrimination^[3] Indigenous people face in everyday life.

But what if party selectors are wrong about voters?

Our new research^[4] reveals something surprising: when Australians evaluate potential Indigenous candidates for parliament, their Indigenous background doesn’t count against them.

In fact, they rate Indigenous candidates more positively than candidates of other backgrounds.

This finding challenges long-held assumptions about voter prejudice. It also has important implications for increasing Indigenous representation in Australian parliaments.

How we tested voter attitudes

To understand how Australians really view potential Indigenous candidates, we surveyed 4,000 Australian adults across the nation.

Each respondent was randomly shown a professional photograph and biography of a person hoping to run for their preferred political party in their local electorate.

While each survey respondent saw only one candidate, we created eight variations: men and women, a white Australian, Chinese Australian, light-skinned Indigenous Australian and dark-skinned Indigenous Australian.

Apart from these differences in race, gender and skin tone, all the candidates presented identical biographies: each was a doctor, active in their communities, married with children and motivated to enter politics to give locals greater say in decisions affecting them. The biographies included brief cues reinforcing their racial backgrounds.

Respondents rated their assigned candidate on competence and warmth.

An inverted hierarchy

Based on decades of research^[5] that show racial hierarchies in public attitudes^[6], we expected Indigenous candidates to fare worst, followed by Chinese Australian candidates, with white candidates rated most favourably.

We also anticipated darker-skinned Indigenous candidates would be rated more harshly than lighter-skinned ones, reflecting Australia’s history of colourism^[7].

We were wrong on all counts.

Dark-skinned Indigenous candidates scored highest on both competence and warmth.

By contrast, white male candidates fared worst in perceptions of competence – a striking result given the disproportionately high presence of white men in Australian legislatures.

Chinese Australian candidates fell somewhere in the middle.

Against expectations

How do we explain these unexpected findings?

One possibility is what psychologists call a “positive violation of expectations^[8]”.

When people encounter someone who defies negative social stereotypes – in this case, an Indigenous doctor who is seeking political office – they may rate them more favourably than an equally qualified person from a group with more positive stereotypes.

What we found could reflect two very different underlying attitudes.

It might represent a genuine recognition that Indigenous candidates have overcome significant systemic barriers – essentially, voters acknowledging and “rewarding” that achievement.

Or it may reflect underlying racist stereotypes: if someone has low initial expectations, an accomplished Indigenous candidate may seem exceptional rather than simply qualified.

The importance of political ideology

There’s an important moderator in our findings: political ideology matters.

The further to the right on the political spectrum the respondents were, the more their ratings of Indigenous candidates declined relative to white candidates.

Among left-leaning voters, Indigenous candidates held substantial advantages in both competence and warmth. Among right-leaning voters, these advantages diminished considerably.

This divide suggests Indigenous candidates may face different receptions depending on the political lean of an electorate.

At the same time, even among respondents who consider themselves around the centre, dark-skinned Indigenous candidates were still rated most favourably.

What this means for political parties

Our findings have direct implications for party gatekeepers who try to identify potential candidates.

These people often engage in what political scientists call “strategic discrimination^[9]” – avoiding minority candidates because they fear voter backlash, regardless of whether that fear is justified.

The assumption that Indigenous candidates will struggle with voters, particularly in majority-white electorates, may be keeping qualified Indigenous people out of parliament.

Our research suggests these fears are misplaced, at least for highly qualified Indigenous candidates.

The caveats

While potentially good news for Indigenous Australians thinking about a career in politics, our study focused specifically on potential candidates with high-status professional backgrounds.

We cannot assume the same positive evaluations would apply to Indigenous candidates from all walks of life.

We also studied potential candidates at the earliest stage of political ambition, rather than those who have already secured party endorsement.

And while our findings challenge assumptions about voter bias, they don’t eliminate other barriers to Indigenous representation. These include systemic racism within party structures, lack of networks and resources and the personal toll of campaigning while facing discrimination.

A path forward

Ours was the first study anywhere in the world to examine how voters evaluate potential Indigenous candidates at a national level.

Extending this research to other settler democracies such as Canada, New Zealand and the United States would reveal whether our findings represent a broader pattern – one that could reshape how parties approach First Nations candidate recruitment globally.

What’s clear from our research is that Australian political parties shouldn’t assume Indigenous candidates will face voter rejection. The practical implication remains: Indigenous candidates can resonate with voters.

If we want more representative parliaments that reflect Australia’s full diversity, we need to challenge assumptions about what voters will accept.

References

1. ^{^} often worry about voter backlash (doi.org)
2. ^{^} history of racism (www.nma.gov.au)
3. ^{^} ongoing discrimination (nceph.anu.edu.au)
4. ^{^} new research (doi.org)
5. ^{^} decades of research (doi.org)
6. ^{^} racial hierarchies in public attitudes (doi.org)
7. ^{^} Australia’s history of colourism (issuu.com)
8. ^{^} positive violation of expectations (doi.org)
9. ^{^} strategic discrimination (doi.org)