Most Republican states have made voting harder since 2020. Our research shows how successful they’ve been
- Written by Kathryn Schumaker, Senior Lecturer in American Studies, University of Sydney
In late September, the governor of the state of Oklahoma, Kevin Stitt, boasted[1] that election officials had removed 453,000 people from the state’s voter rolls since 2021. In a state with only 2.3 million registered voters[2], it appears that roughly one in six registered voters had been purged.
While some of these people were dead or disfranchised owing to felony convictions, nearly 200,000 of them were removed for being “inactive voters”. This means they likely failed to respond[3] to a postcard sent to their mailing address.
Voters can re-register if they were incorrectly removed, but this “voter list maintenance[4]” process still creates a barrier to democratic participation.
Unsurprisingly, Oklahoma historically has one of the lowest voter turnout rates[5] in the United States.
This bucks the national trend. Overall, across the United States, electoral turnout has increased[6] in presidential and midterm elections since 2018. Americans feel, now more than ever, that elections have high stakes.
And some states have made it easier to vote. Minnesota, for example, allows voters to register online or at the polls[7] on Election Day.
In states like Oklahoma, however, voters are discouraged or demoralised by policies and laws meant to make voting difficult and time consuming. Legislatures in these states have been emboldened over the past decade by a series of Supreme Court rulings[8] voiding key parts[9] of the Voting Rights Act.
These states are now the new fronts in the unfinished battle to secure one of the fundamental elements of democracy – the right to vote. We’ve analysed data on voter turnout and voting accessibility across the US[10] and found states restricting access the most are overwhelmingly led by Republican legislatures.
A long history of voter disenfranchisement
US elections have always been the domain of the states. And state legislatures have long wielded this power to discriminate against marginalised groups.
Prior to the Civil War, most states restricted the right to vote to white men. Then, in 1870, the 15th Amendment[11] to the Constitution was ratified, which forbade states from restricting the right to vote on the basis of “race, color or previous condition of servitude[12]”
In practice, however, this didn’t change things in all states. In the South, where Jim Crow laws[13] maintained segregation in many facets of public life, lawmakers found other ways to disenfranchise Black voters.
These methods included poll taxes[14], literacy tests[15], and grandfather clauses[16]. In some Southern states, Democrats also held all-white primaries[17] to prohibit Black voters from participating. They claimed that political parties were private organisations[18] and not subject to the 15th Amendment.
When other methods failed, white people used violence and intimidation to discourage Black voters from showing up at the polls.
Women made gains state by state in the decades following the Civil War, though Black women in the South were disenfranchised alongside Black men. This made white women the primary beneficiaries[19] of the 19th Amendment, ratified in 1920. This dictated that states could not withhold voting rights “on account of sex[20]”.
It was not until the ratification of the 24th Amendment[21] in 1964, which prohibited the use of the poll tax, and the 1965 Voting Rights Act[22], which outlawed the literacy tests, that American democracy could begin to live up to its name.
How states are erecting more barriers
However, even these landmark developments have not ensured that voting is easy or universally accessible to all Americans.
In fact, many states have accelerated efforts to police voting rolls and enact hurdles to civic engagement in the wake of then-President Donald Trump’s false claims[23] of voter fraud in the 2020 election. Republican-dominated states like Oklahoma have been particularly keen to adopt restrictive policies.
According to the Center for Public Integrity, 26 states[24] have made voting less accessible since 2020. These barriers include many tactics:
Partisan redistricting[25] also discourages members of minority parties from turning out on Election Day. By drawing district lines that clearly favour one party over another, such practices can make people feel it is pointless to vote.
What our research found
According to our calculations, out of the states that have made voting less accessible since 2020, most[26] are located in the South (43%) or Midwest (31%). The data reveal the most significant losses in voting access have occurred in southern states with large populations of Black voters.
And the most restrictive lawmaking has been spearheaded by Republican-dominated state legislatures, with 86% of such states[27] passing inequitable voting barriers. In contrast, only 5% of Democratic-led states have made voting harder.
In addition, according to our research, high barriers to voting are directly related to lower voter turnout rates.
When all states are analysed, “high barrier” states had an average turnout rate of 45.8% compared to 49% for “low barrier” states in the 2022 election, a statistically significant difference. The average turnout rate[28] across all US states in 2022 was 46.2%.
In the South, most states (11 of 16) made voting more difficult after the 2020 election – and nearly all had voter turnout rates well below the national average in 2022. (Mississippi was the lowest at 32.5%.)
High-barrier southern states with Republican-led legislatures had an average turnout rate of 40.6%, compared to 46.2% in high-barrier, Republican-led states in other regions.
Three states in low-barrier states, meanwhile, had turnout rates above 60% – Oregon, Maine and Minnesota. All had Democratic-majority legislatures, or in the case of Minnesota, a divided legislature and Democratic governor.
States should motivate voters, not demoralise them
These policies to restrict voting accessibility, draped in the cloak of “election security”, will no doubt affect turnout in certain states in the upcoming November elections, as well.
Research shows Americans choose to vote because they think it is their civic duty[29] or they believe the outcome of an election matters[30] for their community, nation or self.
Yet, staying home[31] on Election Day is also a rational behaviour since the chances of being the pivotal voter[32] that decides an election is estimated at one in one million in a battleground state and much less in a noncompetitive state.
With national voter turnout already low compared[33] to other democracies, state legislatures should be doing what they can to motivate voters and make it easier for them to cast a ballot – not making it more difficult for them to do so.
References
- ^ boasted (oklahoma.gov)
- ^ 2.3 million registered voters (oklahoma.gov)
- ^ failed to respond (law.justia.com)
- ^ voter list maintenance (oklahoma.gov)
- ^ lowest voter turnout rates (www.sos.nh.gov)
- ^ electoral turnout has increased (www.pewresearch.org)
- ^ register online or at the polls (www.sos.state.mn.us)
- ^ a series of Supreme Court rulings (www.brennancenter.org)
- ^ key parts (www.justice.gov)
- ^ data on voter turnout and voting accessibility across the US (www.allysonshortle.com)
- ^ 15th Amendment (www.reaganlibrary.gov)
- ^ race, color or previous condition of servitude (constitution.congress.gov)
- ^ Jim Crow laws (www.history.com)
- ^ poll taxes (encyclopediavirginia.org)
- ^ literacy tests (www.crmvet.org)
- ^ grandfather clauses (law.justia.com)
- ^ all-white primaries (www.oyez.org)
- ^ political parties were private organisations (www.jstor.org)
- ^ white women the primary beneficiaries (journals.law.harvard.edu)
- ^ on account of sex (constitution.congress.gov)
- ^ 24th Amendment (constitution.congress.gov)
- ^ 1965 Voting Rights Act (www.archives.gov)
- ^ then-President Donald Trump’s false claims (www.pnas.org)
- ^ 26 states (publicintegrity.org)
- ^ Partisan redistricting (gerrymander.princeton.edu)
- ^ most (www.dropbox.com)
- ^ 86% of such states (www.dropbox.com)
- ^ average turnout rate (www.electproject.org)
- ^ they think it is their civic duty (www.jstor.org)
- ^ outcome of an election matters (www.jstor.org)
- ^ staying home (www.jstor.org.uri.idm.oclc.org)
- ^ pivotal voter (slate.com)
- ^ compared (responsivegov.org)
Authors: Kathryn Schumaker, Senior Lecturer in American Studies, University of Sydney
