We need more than a definition change to fix Australia's culture of permanent 'casual' work

The surprising thing about the Albanese government’s announced reforms^[1] to “casual” employment is not that they’re happening. It’s that employer advocates are getting so excited^[2] about them, despite the small number of people they will affect and the small impact they will have.

That’s not to say the changes aren’t needed. Rather, true reform of the “casual” employment system, of which this is just a first but important step, has a lot further to go to resolve the “casual problem”.

Read more: Albanese government to make it easier for casuals to become permanent employees^[3]

What is the ‘casual problem’?

This problem is that most “casual” workers aren’t really casual at all — as shown by analysis that I and colleague Robyn May did^[4], using unpublished data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).

The premise for hiring them is that the work is intermittent, short-term and unpredictable. But, as you can see from the chart, the last time the ABS collected these data, a majority of “casuals” worked regular hours.

Almost 60% of “casuals” had been in the job for more than a year. About 80% expected to still be there in a year’s time.

Only 6% of “casuals” (1.5% of employees) who worked varying hours (or were on standby) had been with their employer for a short time, and expected to be there for a short time.

Even now, some “casuals” have been doing the same “casual” work for over 20 years.

Permanent ‘casuals’

All this has led to a class of “permanent casuals” – a nonsense term. They should more accurately be called “permanently insecure”.

The one thing “casuals” have in common is they’re not entitled to sick leave or annual leave, and they are in a precarious employment situation. Their contract of employment only lasts till the end of their work day.

That means they have much less power^[5] than other workers. So little power, in fact, that barely half^[6] of them even get the casual loading they are meant to be paid in compensation for not receiving other entitlements.

On average, low-paid “casuals” get less pay^[7] than equivalent permanent workers, despite the loading.

Changing legal definitions

Not many “casuals” have been brave enough to challenge this exploitative relationship. But when they did a few years ago, Australia’s courts agreed permanent casual work was nonsensical.

To be a “casual worker”, there had to be no promise of ongoing employment. A court would judge this not just by what was in the formal contract of employment but also by what the employer actually did. If they kept hiring you, week after week, on a predictable roster, you weren’t casual.

In 2018, mine worker Paul Skene challenged his classification as a casual worker, arguing he had done pretty much the same work, with a few changes along the way, for five years.

The Federal Court agreed he wasn’t a casual employee^[8] and should be back-paid annual leave. Another mine worker, Robert Rossato, had a similar victory^[9] in 2020.

Employer organisations were “outraged^[10]” by the “billions^[11]” in back pay they could be forced to pay for having misclassified ongoing workers as casuals. They lobbied the Morrison government to amend the law, and challenged the rulings in the High Court.

The Morrison government changed the law^[12] in early 2021, to give primacy to the written contract, ignore employer behaviour, and protect employers from back-pay claims.

Later that year the High Court overturned the Federal Court decisions, ruling^[13] it was the written employment contract that mattered. If that was worded a certain way, you couldn’t test whether a worker was “casual” by whether the employer treated them that way afterwards.

Labor promised to overturn these interpretations, and that’s what this proposal does.

Read more: Employers will resist, but the changes for casual workers are about accepting reality^[14]

What will the legislation change?

The details of the government’s plan is still not clear, but it is likely it will seek to amend the Fair Work Act to revert to something close to the pre-2020 definition of casual work^[15], with a procedural twist.

It will again be possible to judge whether an employee is “casual” based on employer behaviour. And an employee who repeatedly works a similar roster can, after six months, demand “permanency” – meaning rights to sick leave, annual leave, and better protection against arbitrary sacking.

The twist: until they demanded “permanency” they won’t be entitled to any leave. So employers will be protected against claims for back pay.

Theoretically this could affect hundreds of thousands of “casual” workers. In reality, it will likely help far fewer.

Suppose you’re a “casual” labour hire worker in mining. You can tell what time you’ll start work on the first Friday next June. You go to your employer — the labour hire company — and say: “Make me permanent.” The labour hire company says: “We can’t. You might not have a job tomorrow.”

And indeed, now that you’ve asked, maybe you won’t have a job. So would you really ask?

It will depend critically on the protections offered to workers who ask to convert, and how credible they are to workers.

Most people only expect a few people to make the demand. Workplace relations minister Tony Burke says he believes only a “very small proportion^[16]” of “casuals” working regular shifts will do so.

Part of that reluctance will be fear of the consequences, and part of it will be that many casuals rely on their casual loading. About half of^[17] “casuals” are on the award minimum rate, compared with 15% of “permanent” full-time workers. Most cannot afford^[18] to “choose” to trade the money for holidays and other entitlements.

If you’re not getting the casual loading, you’ve got nothing to lose — except your job. If the power imbalance means you don’t get the loading, you won’t fancy your chances.

So, it will just work for a small number or workers – though it’s likely to be very important to them.

More needs to be done

In short, this is a good step but more needs to be done.

In most other wealthy countries^[19] all workers – including temporary workers – are entitled to annual leave. That’s not the case in Australia, because of the “casual” ruse. These laws will not change that.

There should be a universal leave entitlements. Sure, there needs to be a loading where work is unpredictable, and hence so short-term that leave entitlements would not be practical.

But everyone else should get annual and sick leave, and minimum award wages should be high enough that low-wage workers don’t have to rely on the casual loading to get by.

The challenge should be about how we transition to that situation.

References

1. ^{^} announced reforms (ministers.dewr.gov.au)
2. ^{^} getting so excited (www.afr.com)
3. ^{^} Albanese government to make it easier for casuals to become permanent employees (theconversation.com)
4. ^{^} I and colleague Robyn May did (journals.sagepub.com)
5. ^{^} have much less power (theconversation.com)
6. ^{^} barely half (journals.sagepub.com)
7. ^{^} get less pay (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
8. ^{^} he wasn’t a casual employee (www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au)
9. ^{^} had a similar victory (www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au)
10. ^{^} outraged (www.australianchamber.com.au)
11. ^{^} billions (9now.nine.com.au)
12. ^{^} changed the law (journals.sagepub.com)
13. ^{^} ruling (www.corrs.com.au)
14. ^{^} Employers will resist, but the changes for casual workers are about accepting reality (theconversation.com)
15. ^{^} revert to something close to the pre-2020 definition of casual work (ministers.dewr.gov.au)
16. ^{^} very small proportion (ministers.dewr.gov.au)
17. ^{^} half of (www.abs.gov.au)
18. ^{^} cannot afford (journals.sagepub.com)
19. ^{^} most other wealthy countries (openknowledge.worldbank.org)